Introduction
In the networking field, various network devices are utilized for different purposes. Hubs, switches, routers, and other network devices are utilized to perform different tasks within a network infrastructure. In order to analyze the functionality and effectiveness of network devices, various metrics, defined as standards or systems of measurement, are used. The Collision domain is a metric used in networking.
In this blog, we will explain the Collision domain, how it works, what factors affect them, and how to avoid or minimize them using different network devices and protocols.
Before getting into the details, let’s first understand what a domain really is.
What is Domain?
A domain refers to a network that is managed by multiple network devices within a single network, known as network controllers. Mainly domains are classified into two categories, i.e., the Collision domain and the Broadcast domain.
What is Collision Domain in Networking?
A collision domain refers to a specific segment inside a network infrastructure where packet collisions can occur.
In simple words, it is a network segment where only one device can transmit data at a time. If more than one device tries to send data simultaneously, a collision occurs, and data loss can happen. Collisions reduce the efficiency and performance of a network, as devices have to wait and retransmit their data after a random backoff time.
Each port on a hub belongs to the same collision domain. Hence collisions happen often in such an environment. However, each port exists in a bridge, switch, or router in its own separate collision domain.
As shown in the picture, you can see the collision domain. Here ‘h’ is the hub, ‘sw’ is a switch, and R1 is the router. We can see that there is a single collision domain in the case of the hub, whereas separate collision domains exist in the case of the router and switch. Here are the differences between hub, switch and router.
Role of Collision Domains in Computer Networks
In the early days of networks, Ethernet networks used to rely on shared communication channels. So, it was necessary to manage collisions to maintain the efficiency of the network. Moreover, before switches were invented or commonly used, the primary devices for networks were hubs. Hubs were not capable of differentiating between various devices, causing more frequent collisions.
How Does Collision Domain Work?
In a shared network, devices take turns to send data. However, if two devices send data together, a collision occurs, which will cause delays. In half-duplex systems, devices can either send or receive data at any given time, not both. This limitation increases the chances of collisions.
Ethernet networks use CSMA/CD to identify any collisions and recover from them. It ensures that the data is eventually transmitted successfully.
Factors Affecting Collision Domains
Collisions happen when two or more devices on a shared network medium try to send data simultaneously. The shared medium can be a wire, a cable, or a wireless channel. Some of the factors that affect collision are:
- Number of devices connected to a network: The more devices connected to a network, the higher the chances of collisions. Similarly, the longer the network cable, the more time it takes for the data to travel from one end to another, increasing the possibility of collisions.
- Speed of data transmission: The speed of data transmission also affects the collision rate, as faster speeds require more bandwidth and result in more collisions.
- Type of network device: The type of network device used to interconnect network segments can either increase or decrease the size and number of collision-domains. For example, hubs and repeaters are simple devices that amplify and forward signals from one segment to another without any filtering or processing. They do not divide or isolate collision-domains but rather extend them.
Characteristics of Collision Domain
- Shared bandwidth: All devices in the domain share the same bandwidth. Therefore, during high usage, the speed gets slow.
- Impacts Network Performance: If there are more devices in the domain, the chances of collisions also increase. So, there is a high chance of network slowdown.
How do different devices handle Collision Domains?
- Hubs: Hubs broadcast data to all connected devices, creating large domains, which increases the risks of collisions.
- Switches: Switches divide collision domains into many parts, where each device has its own domain. This reduces the chances of collisions.
- Routers: Routers implement segmentation into the network, creating multiple broadcast domains. This ensures efficient data flow.
How to Minimize Collision Domains?
To avoid or minimize collision domains in a network, several strategies can be implemented, such as:
Router
In previous network environments, where half-duplex was commonly used, or full-duplex was not possible, the deployment of routers emerged as the initial approach to address collisions.
While it may not entirely eliminate the issues, implementing this solution would significantly reduce their impact. During that period, switches were known for their high cost. Routers are cost-effective as compared to switches. Introducing routers into a topology with the sole purpose of dividing collision domains can be a challenging task. But today, there exist other alternatives also.
Switches and Full Duplex
Switches create separate domains for each port, meaning that only devices connected to the same port can collide with each other. Devices connected to different ports do not interfere with each other’s transmissions, as switches forward packets only to their intended destinations.
Switches also support full-duplex mode, which allows devices to send and receive data simultaneously without collisions. The full-duplex mode requires two pairs of wires for each connection, one for sending and one for receiving.
Using wireless networks instead of wired networks
Using wireless networks instead of wired networks eliminates collision-domains altogether by using a different MAC protocol called Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA). CSMA/CA works similarly to CSMA/CD, but instead of detecting collisions, it avoids them by using a mechanism called Request-to-Send/Clear-to-Send (RTS/CTS). Here are the differences between CSMA CD and CSMA CA.
Avoid channel saturation
In the case of wireless networks, because of channel saturation, a lot number of collisions can occur. Many nodes using the same communication channel increase the possibility of collision between them. In order to limit the collision domain, it is crucial to have an adequate number of access points distributed over non-overlapping channels.
Difference between Broadcast Domain and Collision Domain
Definition
- Collision Domain: A network segment in which data segments can collide with each other if sent simultaneously.
- Broadcast Domain: It is a portion of the network where broadcast packets are forwarded to all devices connected to the network.
Impact of Devices
- Collision Domain: It reduces the efficiency of a network because of the retransmission of data after collisions. It is most common in Hubs.
- Broadcast Domain: It can cause network congestion, but only if the broadcast domain is very large because every device in the broadcast domain will process broadcasts.
Examples
- Collision Domain: Two devices connected through a hub are in a collision domain.
- Broadcast Domain: All devices within the same VLAN are part of the same broadcast domain.
Advantages of Collision Domain
- Improved troubleshooting skills
- Network performance optimization
- It can increase your understanding of network segmentation
Disadvantages of Collision Domain
- Limited scalability in shared networks
- Compatibility challenges with newer technologies
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1. What is collision and broadcast domain?
The collision-domain refers to a specific network segment that allows bidirectional traffic transmission. A broadcast domain refers to a certain sort of domain in which network traffic circulates over the whole network.
Q2. Is hub a collision domain?
A hub is neither a collision domain nor a broadcast domain.
Q3. What are collision domain examples?
Switches are another common example of a collision domain in use. Each port on a switch represents a potential collision-domain. In simple words, a switch’s collision domain count is proportional to the number of ports it has. A switch with 24 ports has 24 possible collision domains.
Q4. What is the OSI layer collision domain?
The OSI layer that defines the collision-domain is the “data link layer”, i.e., layer 2, which is responsible for the physical and logical transmission of data between nodes on a network.
Conclusion
Collision-domains are network segments where only one device can transmit data at a time. It is an important concept to understand for network design and troubleshooting. By knowing what is collision domain, what are the factors that affect them, and how to avoid or minimize them, you can optimize your network performance and reliability. You can learn more about Collision Domains in our CCNA Training.
